About WordNet

Structure

Relations

Cross-POS relations

শীর্ষ স্তরে, এই শ্রেণিবিন্যাসগুলি বিশেষ্যগুলির জন্য 25 প্রারম্ভিক "গাছ" এবং ক্রিয়াপদের জন্য 15 ( একটি রক্ষণাবেক্ষণ স্তরে লিক্সোগ্রাফিক ফাইল নামে পরিচিত ) হিসাবে সংগঠিত হয় । সবগুলিই একটি অনন্য প্রাথমিক সিনেটসেট, "সত্তা" এর সাথে যুক্ত। বিশেষ্যক্রমের ক্রিয়াকলাপের চেয়ে বিশেষ্যক্রমগুলি অনেক গভীর

ক্রমবর্ধমান গাছগুলিতে বিশেষণগুলি সংগঠিত হয় না। পরিবর্তে, দুটি "কেন্দ্রীয়" প্রতিশব্দ যেমন "গরম" এবং "ঠান্ডা" বাইনারি খুঁটি গঠন করে, যখন 'স্যাটেলাইট' প্রতিশব্দ যেমন "স্টিমিং" এবং "মরিচ" একটি "মিল" সম্পর্কের মাধ্যমে তাদের নিজ নিজ মেরুতে সংযুক্ত হন। বিশেষণগুলি এইভাবে "গাছ" না দিয়ে "ডাম্বেল" হিসাবে ভিজ্যুয়ালাইজ করা যায়।

Psycholinguistic aspects

Applications[edit]

WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including word-sense disambiguation, information retrieval, automatic text classification, automatic text summarization, machine translation and even automatic crossword puzzle generation.

A common use of WordNet is to determine the similarity between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words or synsets are, the closer their meaning. A number of WordNet-based word similarity algorithms are implemented in a Perl package called WordNet::Similarity,^[15] and in a Python package called NLTK^[16]. Other more sophisticated WordNet-based similarity techniques include ADW,^[17] whose implementation is available in Java. WordNet can also be used to inter-link other vocabularies.[18]

Other languages

• Arabic WordNet:^[22][23] WordNet for Arabic language.
• Arabic Ontology, a linguistic ontology that has the same structure as wordnet, and mapped to it.
• The BalkaNet project^[24] has produced WordNets for six European languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Romanian, Turkish and Serbian). For this project, a freely available XML-based WordNet editor was developed. This editor – VisDic – is not in active development anymore, but is still used for the creation of various WordNets. Its successor, DEBVisDic, is client-server application and is currently used for the editing of several WordNets (Dutch in Cornetto project, Polish, Hungarian, several African languages, Chinese).
• BulNet is a Bulgarian version of the WordNet developed at the Department of Computational Linguistics of the Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.^[25]
• CWN (Chinese Wordnet or 中文詞彙網路) supported by National Taiwan University.^[26]
• The EuroWordNet project^[27] has produced WordNets for several European languages and linked them together; these are not freely available however. The Global Wordnet project attempts to coordinate the production and linking of "wordnets" for all languages.^[28] Oxford University Press, the publisher of the Oxford English Dictionary, has voiced plans to produce their own online competitor to WordNet.^{[citation needed]}
• FinnWordNet is a Finnish version of the WordNet where all entries of the original English WordNet were translated.^[29]
• GermaNet is a German version of the WordNet developed by the University of Tübingen.^[30]
• The IndoWordNet^[31] is a linked lexical knowledge base of wordnets of 18 scheduled languages of India viz., Assamese, Bangla, Bodo, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.
• JAWS (Just Another WordNet Subset), another French version of WordNet^[32] built using the Wiktionary and semantic spaces
• WordNet Bahasa: WordNet for Malay and Indonesia language, developed by Nanyang University of Technology.
• Malayalam WordNet, developed by Cochin University Of Science and Technology.^[33]
• Multilingual Central Repository (MCR) integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician and Portuguese liked to English.^[34]
• The MultiWordNet project,^[35] a multilingual WordNet aimed at producing an Italian WordNet strongly aligned with the Princeton WordNet.
• OpenDutchWordNet,^[36] is a Dutch lexical semantic database.
• OpenWN-PT is a Brazilian Portuguese version of the original WordNet freely available for download under CC-BY-SA license.^[37]
• plWordNet^[38] is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by Wrocław University of Technology.
• PolNet^[39] is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 license).

Projects such as BalkaNet and EuroWordNet made it feasible to create standalone wordnets linked to the original one. One of such projects was Russian WordNet patronized by Petersburg State University of Means of Communication^[40] led by S.A. Yablonsky^[41] or Russnet^[42] by Saint Petersburg State University

• UWN is an automatically constructed multilingual lexical knowledge base extending WordNet to cover over a million words in many different languages.^[43]
• WOLF (WordNet Libre du Français), a French version of WordNet.^[44]

Linked data

• BabelNet,^[45] a very large multilingual semantic network with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm.
• The SUMO ontology^[46] has produced a mapping between all of the WordNet synsets (including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs), and SUMO classes. The most recent addition of the mappings provides links to all of the more specific terms in the MId-Level Ontology (MILO), which extends SUMO.
• OpenCyc,^[47] an open ontology and knowledge base of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets.
• DOLCE,^[48] is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet^[49] is the result of an experimental align WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications.
• DBpedia,^[50] a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet.
• The eXtended WordNet^[51] is a project at the University of Texas at Dallas which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the information contained in these definitions available for automatic knowledge processing systems. It is freely available under a license similar to WordNet's.
• The GCIDE project produced a dictionary by combining a public domain Webster's Dictionary from 1913 with some WordNet definitions and material provided by volunteers. It was released under the copyleft license GPL.
• ImageNet is an image database organized according to the WordNet hierarchy (currently only the nouns), in which each node of the hierarchy is depicted by hundreds and thousands of images.^[52] Currently, it has over 500 images per node on average.
• BioWordnet, a biomedical extension of wordnet was abandoned due to issues about stability over versions.^[53]
• WikiTax2WordNet, a mapping between WordNet synsets and Wikipedia categories.^[54]
• WordNet++, a resource including over millions of semantic edges harvested from Wikipedia and connecting pairs of WordNet synsets.^[55]
• SentiWordNet, a resource for supporting opinion mining applications obtained by tagging all the WordNet 3.0 synsets according to their estimated degrees of positivity, negativity, and neutrality.^[56]
• ColorDict, is an Android application to mobiles phones that use Wordnet database and others, like Wikipedia.
• UBY-LMF a database of 10 resources including WordNet.

Related projects

• FrameNet is a lexical database that shares some similarities with, and refers to, WordNet.
• Lexical markup framework (LMF) is an ISO standard specified within ISO/TC37 in order to define a common standardized framework for the construction of lexicons, including WordNet. The subset of LMF for Wordnet is called Wordnet-LMF. An instantiation has been made within the KYOTO project.^[57]
• UNL Programme is a project under the auspices of UNO aimed to consolidate lexicosemantic data of many languages to be used in machine translation and information extraction systems.

More Information